Personalized precision medicine is currently reinventing health pathways. While chronic diseases related to lifestyle represent an ever-increasing share of health needs, infectious diseases remain a major cause of morbidity and mortality. New challenges arise with the emergence of new pathogens, the resurgence of old diseases, and increased antibiotic resistance.

Chronic diseases result from the interaction between modifiable risk factors (such as diet, physical inactivity, and smoking) and non-modifiable factors (such as age and genetic background), as well as socio-economic, environmental, cultural, and political health determinants. The prevalence of infectious diseases is exacerbated by various factors such as social health inequalities, globalization, and climate change. This is a reminder of the importance of an integrative health approach that considers the individual, their environment, culture, and health, as well as the specific risk factors they are exposed to. This approach should be not only curative but also preventive and educational.